Vision Acuity Test

Snellen chart will help determine the clarity of your distance vision, suitable for any children over the age of 3. The child is required to stand or sit at 6m or 20ft away from the chart, which can be a wall-mounted chart or projected image at the wall. Those old enough to know the alphabets will read out the alphabet they see from top to bottom. The smallest row that can be read accurately indicates the visual acuity in that specific eye.

If you worry that the test might be affected due to the use of alphabet, the second chart with a single alphabet, such as the letter E can be used. The ophthalmologist can point Figure 1: Snellen chart with alphabet (left) and single letter E (right) to each letter on each line and ask the patient to point in the direction toward which the open end of the letter is facing.

Next, similar vision acuity test using a computer, which can be programmed to have different type of test based on suitability of the patient. Smart kid will try to memorize the alphabet on the chart, so randomizing them ensures no cheating in the test. Younger patient can be tested using pictures instead of alphabet, in recognizing a simple picture at a certain size indicates their vision acuity.

If your child does not seem to like reading alphabet aloud, fret not. There are many type of charts that are more exciting than an alphabet while being checked for their power. One such example is the Kay Picture Test below.

At the exam room, the child can sit on a chair or on parent’s lap if preferred. The child will be asked to wear a special glass that have a space to insert lenses to check for their power, or diopters. Diopters or D is the unit used to measure the correction, or focusing power, of the lens your eye requires.

 

For much younger patients, if they can sit and able to hold their head upright, we can check their vision using Cardiff Acuity Test. It is a selection of preferential looking pictures designed to measure acuity in toddlers aged between 1-3 years or in individuals with intellectual impairment.

 

“I have a baby that requires

vision acuity test. How can

this be done to my baby?”

 

The test combines the principles of preferential looking and vanishing optotypes, in which the value given is converted to Snellen equivalent. The test uses pictures that will interest a child (a house, car or duck for example) positioned either at the top or at the bottom of an otherwise grey card. There are eleven visual acuity levels, with three cards at each level.

For even younger babies, I usually test their vision with toys, small object like raisins or a“hundred & thousand” sweet test. If the child is able to pick up a small sweet at 33cm, visual acuity is at least 6/24 or 20/80.

Refraction Test:

The second major test is a Refraction Test. Refraction is a process your eye-care professional uses to measure your refractive error or vision problem. For children 4 years and older or those able to co-operate, an autorefractor will be used to provide an objective measurement of a person’s refractive error and prescription for glasses or contact lenses.

During a comprehensive eye examination, the ophthalmologist will use refraction to determine how much power is needed to get your child perfectly focused vision. The comprehensive test consists of objective refraction and subjective refraction.

An objective refraction is a refraction obtained by using different instruments, such as retinoscope or auto-refractor, without receiving any feedback from the patient.

A subjective refraction requires responses from the patient. Your doctor may use a phoropter to measure your subjective refractive error.

A cycloplegic refraction is a procedure used to determine a person’s complete refractive error by temporarily paralyzing the muscles that aid in focusing the eye. Sometimes eye doctors prefer to obtain this when trying to obtain an accurate refraction in young children who may skew refraction measurements by adjusting their eyes. To temporarily paralyze or relax the focusing muscle of the eyes, cycloplegic eye drops are used. To get the full cycloplegic effect or total paralyzing of the eye muscle, more than a drop might be needed especially in heavily pigmented eyes, typical in Asian patients. I will usually combine cycloplegic drops and dilating drops.

Here is the worst bit.. the cycloplegic drops will sting! Most of my little patients often cried when this drop is applied. I usually try to reduce the discomfort by instilling a numbing local anaesthetic drop which, ironically according to the children, also sting!

When a cycloplegic refraction is performed, the doctor can know what the full refractive error is without any influence of the person being tested. For example, the patient may be subconsciously over-focusing. This may makesomeone appear more near-sighted or less farsighted than they are.

“Does
cycloplegic
eye drops
have any
side effects?”

Cycloplegic eye drops do tend to sting for a few seconds when instilling them into the eye. Depending on the type of cycloplegic drop used, sometimes they have the temporary side effect of leaving the patient blurry for several hours. The patient could experience blurred vision even into the next day. Because cycloplegic eye drops also dilate the pupil, it will make the patient light sensitive for a few hours and protective sunglasses should be worn.

More Eye Examination

Depending on age, the child might undergo a few more test, including slit lamp exam or bio-microscopy. The child will sit in front of an instrument with a space to rest his/her chin and forehead. A yellow dye called fluorescein, will be used toenhance any abnormalities on the surface of the cornea. Additional drops may also be applied to allow the pupils to dilate or get bigger. In this procedure, the child is required to look straight while the high intensity light is shined over the eyes. This basically gives me a closer look at the eyelids, conjunctiva, cornea, iris and lens. This dye drop, would not hurt as much, but the dilation drop might cause some sensitivity to light due to eye dilation which will pass over a few hours.

Once the eyes are dilated, I use this instrument on my head, called the indirect ophthalmoscope to examine the inside of the eye. It is valuable for diagnosis and treatment of retinal tears, holes, and detachments. The pupils must be fully dilated for it to work well. Setting up and getting the child ready and encouraging to cooperate takes some time, but getting a good view is important as well.

If you worry about your child getting agitated, why not bring along headphones, or I might bribe them with some sweets if they sit still for the exam.

AND… that is all. While your child play with toys or read books, we proceed to discuss my finding, diagnosis and treatment needed. See, when managed properly, a comprehensive eye examination can virtually bea painless experience for both parents and child.

If your child had a bad experience before during an eye exam and a diagnosis need to be ascertain urgently, I might suggest eye examination under anaesthesia. Do check with your ophthalmologist if you need to consider this option. Of course,as a reward for being an exemplary child, he/she get to choose a toy or treat from our treasure chest on their way out. Here at ADMC, our staff are trained to deal with all sort of tantrums and they are just wonderful with children.

I hope this article has resolve any of your doubts you might have about bringing our child for an eye examination. Have a great day ahead!

Dr Norazah Abdul Rahman is Consultant Ophthalmologist with over 17 years’ experience in public and private care, specialising in Paediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. She is currently practicing in Ara Damansara Medical Centre