Understanding Influenza: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

By: Dr Timothy William,  Consultant in Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases

Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is a viral infection that affects the respiratory system. It is caused by the influenza virus, which has multiple strains and variations. This article explores the types, symptoms, severity, treatment, and preventive measures related to influenza.

Types of Influenza

Influenza viruses are categorized into different types, primarily Influenza A and Influenza B.

Symptoms of Influenza

Influenza manifests through a variety of symptoms, ranging from mild to severe. The most common symptoms include:

• Fever
• Cough
• Shortness of breath
• Chest pain
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Abdominal pain and diarrhea (in some cases)

Most individuals recover within a week; however, certain groups are at risk of developing severe complications.

High-Risk Groups for Severe Influenza

While many people experience mild flu symptoms and recover without medical intervention, some individuals are at higher risk of severe illness. These include:

• Elderly individuals (above 60 years old)
• People with pre-existing conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and kidney disease
• Immunocompromised individuals (those undergoing chemotherapy, organ transplant recipients, etc.)
• Young children
• Healthcare workers exposed to infected patients

Severe Cases and Complications

In some cases, influenza can lead to life-threatening conditions such as severe pneumonia and respiratory failure. Secondary bacterial infections may develop, requiring the use of antibiotics. In critical conditions, patients may need oxygen support and intensive care.

Treatment and Management

Patients diagnosed with influenza are often treated with antiviral medications such as oseltamivir to reduce the severity and duration of symptoms. In hospitals, infected individuals are isolated in single rooms, and strict hygiene protocols are implemented to prevent further spread.

Preventing Influenza

While it is impossible to entirely eliminate the risk of influenza, several measures can significantly reduce its spread:

• Vaccination: The flu vaccine is the most effective way to prevent infection, especially for high-risk groups. It is also important for travellers to get their vaccination prior to an overseas trip.
• Good Hygiene Practices: Washing hands regularly with soap and water helps reduce virus transmission.
• Wearing Masks: Wearing a mask in crowded places can protect against airborne transmission.
• Avoiding Close Contact: People experiencing flu symptoms should stay at home to prevent infecting others.

Influenza is a common but potentially serious illness that affects millions of people worldwide. Understanding its symptoms, treatment options, and preventive measures can help reduce its impact. Vaccination remains the most effective way to combat influenza, particularly for vulnerable populations. If you experience severe flu symptoms, seeking medical attention promptly is essential to prevent complications.