Prostate Cancer
Make an AppointmentWhat is Prostate Cancer?
Prostate cancer is a condition that begins in the prostate gland, a key part of the male reproductive system. This walnut-sized gland is located in front of the rectum and below the bladder, surrounding the urethra. It plays a vital role in producing seminal fluid, which helps transport sperm during ejaculation.
When healthy, the prostate functions seamlessly. However, prostate cancer can disrupt these functions, leading to complications such as difficulty with urination. In its early stages, prostate cancer may not present symptoms, but it can lead to more severe issues if left untreated.
What Causes Prostate Cancer?
The exact cause of prostate cancer remains unknown, but several factors are known to increase the risk of developing it.
Genetic Mutations in DNA
Prostate cancer begins when genetic mutations in prostate cells disrupt their normal functions. These mutations cause cells to grow uncontrollably, forming a tumour. In advanced cases, these cancerous cells can spread to other parts of the body, a condition known as metastatic prostate cancer.
Age-Related Risks
Age is the most significant risk factor for prostate cancer. Men under 45 are rarely diagnosed with the disease, but the risk increases sharply with age, peaking in older populations. According to a longitudinal study on multi-ethnic Asian men, prostate cancer is most commonly diagnosed in men over 65 years old.
Family History and Genetic Predisposition
Having a family history of prostate cancer increases the risk of developing the condition. Men with close relatives, such as a father, brother, or son, diagnosed with prostate cancer, are more likely to develop the disease. Inherited genetic mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, can further elevate the risk.
Lifestyle and Dietary Factors
Some studies suggest that diets high in animal fats or red meat may increase the risk of prostate cancer. Conversely, a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains may help lower the risk.
Race and Ethnicity
Prostate cancer risk varies by ethnicity. Men of Caucasian descent are more likely to develop prostate cancer compared to Asian men. Studies indicate that Black men also experience higher rates of prostate cancer.
Recognising the Symptoms of Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer often develops silently, especially in its early stages. Regular screenings, such as PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) tests, are crucial for early detection. Symptoms may only appear as the cancer progresses.
Early Symptoms of Prostate Cancer
- Difficulty passing urine.
- Slow or weak urine stream.
- Waking up frequently at night to urinate.
- Blood in the urine or semen.
Advanced Symptoms of Prostate Cancer
When prostate cancer spreads beyond the prostate gland, it can cause:
- Persistent back pain or bone pain.
- Unexplained weight loss.
- Fatigue and reduced energy.
- Erectile dysfunction.
It’s important to note that these symptoms may overlap with non-cancerous conditions like Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), so it is vital to seek a healthcare provider's advice for an accurate diagnosis.
Stages of Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is categorised into four stages based on its progression:
Stage 1
Cancer is confined to the prostate and is undetectable through imaging or physical examination.
Stage 2
The tumour remains within the prostate but is detectable through a Digital Rectal Examination (DRE) or imaging.
Stage 3
Cancer has spread beyond the prostate to nearby tissues, including the seminal vesicles.
Stage 4
Cancer has metastasised to distant parts of the body, such as the bladder, rectum, bones, liver, or lungs.
Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer
Several factors can increase the likelihood of developing prostate cancer:
Age
Men over 50, particularly those over 65, face a higher risk of developing prostate cancer.
Family History
A family history of prostate cancer can increase the risk, especially if a close relative (father, brother) has been diagnosed with the disease.
Race
Prostate cancer is more common in Caucasian men than in Asian men, though Black men are at an even higher risk.
Diet
Diets high in animal fats and red meat are associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer.
Obesity
Men who are obese may face a higher likelihood of developing aggressive forms of prostate cancer.
Why Early Detection is Crucial
Early detection of prostate cancer is essential to improving treatment outcomes. Regular screenings, including PSA tests and Digital Rectal Examinations (DRE), are key to identifying prostate cancer at its earliest and most treatable stage. Early detection can lead to more effective treatments and a better prognosis.
At Subang Jaya Medical Centre (SJMC), we emphasise proactive health management and early detection. Our team of urologists, oncologists, and specialists provides comprehensive diagnostic tools, including PSA testing, biopsy procedures, and state-of-the-art imaging, to detect prostate cancer early and offer personalised care options.
Take Action for Your Health
If you experience any symptoms related to prostate cancer or have risk factors, such as family history or age, it is important to consult a healthcare provider as soon as possible. Early diagnosis and treatment can lead to better outcomes and improved quality of life.