Dementia
Make an AppointmentWhat is Dementia
Dementia refers to a group of symptoms that affect memory, thinking, and social abilities, significantly interfering with daily life. It is not a single disease but a condition caused by various underlying diseases or factors. While memory loss is a common symptom, it does not always indicate dementia, as other conditions can also cause memory-related issues.
In Malaysia, dementia is becoming increasingly common, particularly among the elderly. Understanding its causes and symptoms is crucial for early detection and management.
Early Signs and Symptoms of Dementia
The signs & symptoms may vary depending on the underlying cause, but generally include:
Cognitive Changes
- Memory loss, often noticed by others.
- Difficulty finding words or communicating.
- Getting lost in familiar places.
- Trouble with reasoning, problem-solving, or planning.
- Poor coordination and disorientation.
Psychological Changes
- Personality shifts.
- Difficulty finding words or communicating.
- Getting lost in familiar places.
- Trouble with reasoning, problem-solving, or planning.
- Poor coordination and disorientation.
If you or a loved one experiences these symptoms, it’s essential to consult a healthcare professional. Early detection can help identify reversible causes or slow the progression of the condition.
Types and Causes of Dementia
Dementia can manifest in various forms, each with distinct symptoms and progression patterns. The most common types include:
| Types and Causes of Dementia | Key Information |
|---|---|
| 1. Alzheimer’s Disease | Most common type (60–70%). Caused by brain cell damage. Common symptoms: memory loss, confusion, disorientation. Typically diagnosed after 65. |
| 2. Vascular Dementia | Caused by reduced blood flow to the brain, often after a stroke. Symptoms include slowed thinking, problem-solving issues, and step-wise decline. Common in people aged 60–75 |
| 3. Lewy Body Dementia (LBD) | Caused by abnormal protein deposits. Symptoms: fluctuating alertness, visual hallucinations, Parkinson-like movement. Often diagnosed between the ages of 50–85 |
| 4. Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) | Affects the frontal or temporal lobes. Common in younger adults (45–65). Symptoms: behaviour changes, poor judgment, language problems. |
| 5. Parkinson’s Disease Dementia | Occurs in some people with Parkinson’s disease. Symptoms: memory issues, slowed thinking, movement difficulties. Typically appears after years of Parkinson’s symptoms. |
| 6.Huntington’s Disease Dementia | A rare, inherited condition. Symptoms: movement problems, mood changes, and thinking difficulties. Usually diagnosed between the ages of 30–50. |
At Subang Jaya Medical Centre (SJMC), our geriatricians and neurology specialists are experienced in diagnosing and managing all types of dementia, ensuring personalised care for every patient.
Reversible Causes of Dementia Symptoms:
- Vitamin deficiencies (e.g., B-12, thiamine).
- Thyroid disorders.
- Brain tumours.
- Infections or immune disorders.
- Medication side effects.
Risk Factors for Dementia
While some risk factors for dementia cannot be changed, others can be managed to reduce the likelihood of developing the condition.
Risk Factors That Cannot Be Changed:
- Age: The risk of dementia increases with age, particularly after 65.
- Family History: A family history of dementia may increase the risk, though many people without a family history also develop the condition.
Down Syndrome: Individuals with Down syndrome are at higher risk of early-onset Alzheimer’s disease
Risk Factors You Can Manage:
- Lifestyle Factors: A Mediterranean-style diet, regular exercise, and social engagement can lower the risk of cognitive decline.
- Cardiovascular Health: Managing high blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes reduces the risk of vascular dementia.
- Hearing and Vision Loss: Early treatment of hearing or vision impairments can decrease the risk of cognitive decline.
- Mental Health: Addressing depression and anxiety, particularly in midlife, may reduce dementia risk.
- Sleep Disorders: Treating conditions like sleep apnea can improve brain health.
- Alcohol Consumption: Limiting alcohol intake reduces the risk of early-onset dementia.
How to Prevent Dementia
While there is no guaranteed way to prevent dementia, adopting a healthy lifestyle can significantly reduce the risk. Here are some practical tips:
- Stay Physically Active: Engage in regular exercise, such as walking, swimming, or yoga, for at least 150 minutes per week.
- Adopt a Healthy Diet: Follow a Mediterranean-style diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and omega-3 fatty acids.
- Engage Your Mind: Solve puzzles, read, or learn new skills to keep your brain active.
Manage Chronic Conditions: Control diabetes, high blood pressure, and cholesterol levels. - Quit Smoking and Limit Alcohol: These habits can significantly impact brain health.
Get Quality Sleep: Practice good sleep hygiene. - Address Hearing and Vision Loss: Early treatment can lower the risk of cognitive decline.
Taking these steps can help maintain brain health and potentially delay the onset of dementia. At SJMC, we encourage preventive measures and offer health screenings to support long-term cognitive health.
FAQs About Dementia Causes and Symptoms
Reference
- Mayo Clinic Dementia: Symptoms and Causes
- Alzheimer’s Association: Types of Dementia
- World Health Organization (WHO): Dementia Fact Sheet
- Harvard Health Publishing: Dementia Prevention – 7 Ways to Keep Your Memory Sharp at Any Age
- Dementia Australia: Dementia Symptoms
- Dementia Australia: Types of Dementia